The surprising find led Brown University physicist Jonathan Pober and Ph.D. student Jade Ducharme to investigate the origin of the signal. They determined that the interference was caused by television signals reflecting off passing airplanes, a theory that had long been speculated but never confirmed. Their findings, published in Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, not only validated the hypothesis but also introduced a new approach to mitigating radio frequency interference (RFI) in radio astronomy.

"It then hit us," said Pober, U.S. research lead for the Murchison Widefield Array project. "We said, 'I bet the signal is reflecting off an airplane.' We'd been seeing these signals for close to five years, and several people had suggested they were caused by airplane reflections. We realized we might actually be able to confirm this theory for once."

Traditional methods for dealing with RFI involve discarding affected data, which can result in significant information loss. However, Pober and Ducharme's study outlines a technique that combines two existing methodologies: near-field corrections and beamforming. Near-field corrections help telescopes focus on closer objects that typically cause interference, while beamforming refines the focus of an object by isolating the signal source. By merging these techniques, the researchers could track the airplane responsible for the interference, estimating its altitude at 38,400 feet and speed at approximately 492 miles per hour. The reflected signal was traced back to a frequency band used by Australian digital TV Channel 7.

"Astronomy is facing an existential crisis," Pober explained. "There is growing concern that interference from satellite constellations could soon prevent astronomers from conducting high-quality radio observations. Unlike optical telescopes, which can be aimed away from artificial light, radio telescopes like the Murchison Widefield Array observe the entire sky simultaneously, making avoidance impossible."

The study marks a step toward actively identifying and removing RFI rather than discarding affected data. "By accurately pinpointing and eliminating only the interference sources, astronomers can preserve more observations, reducing data loss and increasing the likelihood of groundbreaking discoveries," Pober said.

Next steps involve refining this technique to remove unwanted broadcast signals from Murchison Widefield Array data and extending its application to filter interference from satellites and other space-based sources. However, mitigating satellite interference remains a significant challenge. The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs reported that as of June 2023, 11,330 satellites were in orbit-a 40% increase from January 2022-exacerbating concerns about RFI's impact on radio astronomy.

Efforts to address this issue include collaborations such as the National Science Foundation's partnership with SpaceX to develop real-time data-sharing systems to reduce satellite interference. Nonetheless, astronomers like Pober are contemplating alternative solutions, including constructing radio telescopes on the Moon.

"If we can't find a quiet sky on Earth, maybe Earth isn't the place to be," Pober suggested. "Regardless, we must invest in advanced data analysis techniques to counteract human-generated interference."

Research Report:Altitude estimation of radio frequency interference sources via interferometric near-field corrections

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