"If everything falls into place, the commercialisation of hydrogen flight can go really fast now. As early as 2028, the first commercial hydrogen flights in Sweden could be in the air," says Tomas Gronstedt, Professor at Chalmers University of Technology and Director of the competence centre TechForH2 at Chalmers.

Key technological advancements are being tested in Chalmers' wind tunnels, where researchers are developing more energy-efficient engines. These innovations are crucial for ensuring safe and efficient hydrogen-powered flight for heavy-duty vehicles.

Future of Short-Range Hydrogen Aviation in the Nordics
Hydrogen-powered short and medium-range flights are closest to becoming a reality. A recent study from Chalmers demonstrates that hydrogen-powered flights could meet 97% of all intra-Nordic flight routes and 58% of the Nordic passenger volume by 2045.

For this research, the team assumed a maximum flight distance of 750 miles and used an existing aircraft model adapted for hydrogen power. Led by doctoral student Christian Svensson in Tomas Gronstedt's research group, the study highlighted a new, lighter fuel tank insulated to store super-cold liquid hydrogen efficiently.

Innovative Heat Exchangers for Enhanced Fuel Efficiency
Heat exchangers play a vital role in hydrogen aviation, crucial for maintaining lightweight fuel systems by keeping hydrogen in liquid form at around -250 degrees Celsius. By utilizing waste heat from jet engine exhausts to preheat the fuel before combustion, the new heat exchanger technology, patent-pending by partner GKN Aerospace, significantly improves fuel efficiency.

"Every degree increase in temperature reduces fuel consumption and increases range. We were able to show that short- and medium-haul aircraft equipped with the new heat exchanger could reduce their fuel consumption by almost eight percent. Considering that an aircraft engine is a mature and well-established technology, it is a very good result from a single component," says Carlos Xisto, Associate Professor at the Division of Fluid Mechanics at Chalmers and one of the study's authors.

With further optimization, this heat exchanger technology could enhance the range of a regular Airbus A320 by up to ten percent, equivalent to the distance between Gothenburg and Berlin (approximately 450 miles).

Sweden's Commitment to Hydrogen Aviation Despite Challenges
Developing solutions for future hydrogen aviation involves a broad collaboration among governments, universities, and private companies. In Sweden, the Swedish Hydrogen Development Centre (SHDC) unites key stakeholders, including industry leaders and academic experts. At a recent SHDC seminar, Chalmers researchers presented their work, and several companies announced substantial investments in hydrogen flights over the coming years.

While the technology is advanced, significant investments are required to develop infrastructure, business models, and partnerships for hydrogen production, transportation, and storage, facilitating the transition to hydrogen flight. A total transition is anticipated to require approximately 100 million tonnes of green hydrogen annually.

"There are industry expectations that 30-40 percent of global aviation will be powered by hydrogen by 2050. It is likely that for a number of years to come, we will need a mix of aircraft that run on electricity, less environmentally harmful e-jet fuel and hydrogen. But every aircraft that can be powered by hydrogen from renewable energy reduces carbon dioxide emissions," says Tomas Gronstedt.

Within TechForH2, there is significant potential to tackle the hydrogen challenge, supported by a budget of SEK 162 million (equivalent to USD 15.5 million), which will aid in developing various research areas linking hydrogen and heavy transport.

Research Report:Hydrogen fuel cell aircraft for the Nordic market

Research Report:Compact heat exchangers for hydrogen-fueled aero engine intercooling and recuperation

Related Links
Chalmers University of Technology
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