Strategic Constraints on Ukraine
One of the pivotal policy decisions that has influenced the course of the Ukraine conflict was the initial restriction imposed by the United States on the types of weapon systems supplied to Ukraine and the limitations on how these could be used. Early in the conflict, the US and its NATO allies were cautious about providing Ukraine with weapons capable of striking Russian territory. This cautious approach was rooted in the fear of escalating the conflict into a broader war, potentially involving nuclear powers.

These restrictions led Ukraine to adopt a strategy of resupply and preparation for future engagements, rather than immediately capitalizing on its early successes on the eastern frontlines. Ukrainian forces had to adapt to fighting with non-American drones and other limited weaponry, knowing that any strikes into Russian territory would not be supported by Western-supplied arms. This strategic decision significantly influenced the pace and nature of Ukraine's military operations.

GOP Political Dysfunction in the US
Compounding the impact of these military restrictions was the political dysfunction within the United States, particularly the delays caused by the GOP in approving significant new funding for weapon shipments to Ukraine. The $61 billion aid package intended to bolster Ukraine's defense was stalled for six months due to political wrangling in Congress. This delay had severe consequences, as Ukrainian forces faced increasing pressure from Russian offensives without the necessary support to counteract them effectively.

This internal political gridlock not only hampered immediate military support but also signaled a broader inability of the US to respond swiftly to dynamic geopolitical challenges. The protracted process of policy change in the US system, exacerbated by GOP political dysfunction, allowed Russia to exploit these delays and consolidate its positions both militarily and diplomatically.

Russia's Strategic Alliances and War Economy
While the West grappled with its internal challenges, Russia was actively strengthening its strategic alliances and adapting its economy to a wartime footing. Alliances with Iran and North Korea have become increasingly significant, with these nations contributing critical industrial and military support to Russia. This cooperation has fostered a robust war economy, enabling Russia to sustain and even expand its military operations.

In addition to its alliances, Russia has been particularly active in Africa, leveraging the Wagner Group's established presence to extend its influence across the continent. By taking over local franchises of the Wagner Group, Russia has gained a foothold in contemporary African politics, complementing the old Cold War-era relationships that have persisted in countries like South Africa.

Fueling the War Economy with Global Energy Sales
Russia has significantly expanded its economic resilience by leveraging its vast oil and gas resources. Key buyers include China and India, which together account for a large portion of Russia's energy exports. In 2024, China purchased 53% of Russia's crude oil, while India took 32%. Notably, European countries like France also continued to import Russian LNG, despite broader EU sanctions on other Russian energy products.

This economic strategy has provided Russia with substantial financial resources to sustain and expand its military capabilities and alliances. The revenues from these sales have been critical in supporting a wartime economy that includes Iran and North Korea, both of which are now vital industrial partners.

Disruption and Chaos: Russia's Short-Term Strategy
Russia's geopolitical maneuvers appear to be aimed at causing disruption and chaos in various regions. Recent activities have included fostering instability in the Korean Peninsula, with North Korea engaging in unusual provocations in the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). These actions align with Russia's broader strategy to weaken global stability, creating opportunities to reassert its influence.

Avoiding Dependency on China
A crucial aspect of Russia's resurgence is its effort to avoid becoming overly dependent on China. Had Ukraine succeeded in defeating Russia in 2023, the resulting economic collapse could have forced Russia into a vassal-like dependence on China. By maintaining and expanding its influence and securing financial resources through global energy sales, Russia aims to retain its strategic autonomy and prevent such dependency.

Geopolitical Implications and Future Projections
The geopolitical implications of these developments are profound. Russia's ability to navigate and manipulate the geopolitical landscape amid Western hesitation and internal political struggles has positioned it as a resurgent power. The delay in US policy adjustments and the ongoing GOP political dysfunction have highlighted vulnerabilities in the current global order, suggesting a potential shift towards a multipolar world where Russia plays a more dominant role.

Russia's activities in Africa and its strengthening alliances indicate a strategic vision that extends beyond the immediate conflict in Ukraine. By securing resource-rich and strategically important regions, Russia is positioning itself to exert influence on a global scale. This resurgence is not merely a return to Cold War-era power dynamics but a reconfiguration of global alliances and power structures that could define international relations for decades to come.

The future of this geopolitical resurgence will largely depend on the responses from Western powers. If the US and its allies can overcome internal political challenges and present a unified and decisive front, they may still be able to counteract Russia's advances. However, if GOP political dysfunction continues to impede swift policy responses, Russia's strategic gains could become entrenched, leading to a new global order where Western influence is significantly diminished.

Russia's geopolitical resurgence is driven by a combination of strategic energy sales, disruptive tactics, and leveraging historical alliances. The initial restrictions on Ukraine's military capabilities, compounded by political delays in the US, provided Russia with opportunities to strengthen its position. Through strategic alliances and active engagement in regions like Africa, Russia has not only sustained its military efforts but also expanded its global influence. The coming years will be crucial in determining whether this resurgence marks a temporary shift or a fundamental reordering of global power structures. As the world watches, the actions of both Western and Russian leaders will shape the geopolitical landscape of the 21st century.

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