Data from the James Webb Space Telescope provide the first measurements of an exoplanet's core mass, likely informing future studies of planetary atmospheres and interiors, important in the search for habitable worlds beyond our solar system.

"Looking into the interior of a planet hundreds of light-years away sounds almost impossible, but when you know the mass, radius, atmospheric composition, and hotness of its interior, you've got all the pieces you need to get an idea of what's inside and how heavy that core is," said lead author David Sing, a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Johns Hopkins University. "This is now something we can do for lots of different gas planets in various systems."

Published today in Nature, the research shows the planet has a thousand times less methane than expected and a core 12 times more massive than Earth's.

A giant planet with a scorching atmosphere as fluffy as cotton, WASP-107 b orbits a star about 200 light-years away. It is puffy due to its build: a Jupiter-sized world with only a tenth of that planet's mass.

Although it contains methane, a building block of life on Earth, the planet is not considered habitable because of its proximity to its parent star and lack of a solid surface. However, it could provide important clues about late-stage planetary evolution.

In a separate study published today in Nature, other scientists also spotted methane with the Webb telescope, providing similar insights about the planet's size and density.

"We want to look at planets more similar to the gas giants in our own solar system, which have a lot of methane in their atmospheres," Sing said. "This is where the story of WASP-107 b got really interesting, because we didn't know why the methane levels were so low."

The new methane measurements suggest the molecule transforms into other compounds as it flows upward from the planet's interior, interacting with other chemicals and starlight in the upper atmosphere. The team also measured sulfur dioxide, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, finding WASP-107 b has more heavy elements than Uranus and Neptune.

The planet's chemical profile is starting to reveal how planetary atmospheres behave in extreme conditions, Sing said. His team will conduct similar observations over the next year on an additional 25 planets with the Webb telescope.

"We had never been able to study this mixing process in an exoplanet atmosphere in detail, so this will go a long way in understanding how these dynamic chemical reactions operate," Sing said. "It's something we definitely need as we start looking at rocky planets and biomarker signatures."

Scientists had speculated that the planet's overinflated radius resulted from a heat source inside, said Zafar Rustamkulov, a Johns Hopkins doctoral student in planetary science who co-led the research. By combining atmospheric and interior physics models with Webb's data of WASP-107 b, the team accounted for how the planet's thermodynamics influence its observable atmosphere.

"The planet has a hot core, and that heat source is changing the chemistry of the gases deeper down, but it's also driving this strong, convective mixing bubbling up from the interior," Rustamkulov said. "We think this heat is causing the chemistry of the gases to change, specifically destroying methane and making elevated amounts of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide."

The findings represent the clearest connection scientists have made between the interior of an exoplanet and the top of its atmosphere, Rustamkulov said. Last year the Webb telescope spotted sulfur dioxide about 700 light-years away in a different exoplanet called WASP-39, providing the first evidence of an atmospheric compound created by starlight-driven reactions.

The Johns Hopkins team is now focusing on what might be keeping the core hot, suspecting forces similar to those causing high and low tides in Earth's oceans. They plan to test whether the planet is being stretched and pulled by its star and how that might account for the core's high heat.

Research Report: A warm Neptune's methane reveals core mass and vigorous atmospheric mixing

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