Heated by a furnace to temperatures of around 1000 degrees Celsius, the minerals turn directly from a solid to a gas, missing out a molten phase, which reduces the complexity of the technology needed. Gasses produced and residual methane are sent to a catalytic converter and a condenser that separates out water. Oxygen can then be extracted through electrolysis. By-products of methane and hydrogen are recycled in the system.

"Our experiments show that the rig is scalable and can operate in an almost completely self-sustained closed loop, without the need for human intervention and without getting clogged up," said Prof Michèle Lavagna, of the Politecnico Milano, who led the experiments. 

To accurately understand the process and prepare the technology needed for a flight test, experiments have been carried out to optimize the temperature of the furnace, the length and frequency of the washing phases, the ratio of the mixtures of gasses, and the mass of the soil simulant batches. Results show that yield is maximized by processing the soil simulant in small batches, at the highest temperatures possible and using long washing phases.

The solid by-product is rich in silica and metals that can undergo further processing for other resources useful for in-situ exploration of the Moon.

"The capability of having efficient water and oxygen production facilities on site is fundamental for human exploration and to run high quality science directly on the Moon," said Lavagna. "These laboratory experiments have deepened our understanding of each step in the process. It is not the end of the story, but it's very a good starting point."