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Gas, dust and light that get sucked into a black hole are lost forever - so it shouldn't be possible to see light from behind a black hole.
But that's just what astronomers spotted while observing a supermassive black hole at the center of a galaxy 800 million light-years away.
While studying a series of X-ray flares emitted by the black hole, Stanford University astrophysicist Gas, dust and light that get sucked into a black hole are lost forever -- so it shouldn't be possible to see light from behind a black hole.
But that's just what astronomers spotted while observing a supermassive black hole at the center of a galaxy 800 million light-years away.
While studying a series of X-ray flares emitted by the black hole, Stanford University astrophysicist Dan Wilkins noticed a unique X-ray pattern lagging just behind the initial burst.
These delayed flares, described Wednesday in the journal Nature, were smaller and featured slightly different spectral signatures -- signatures suggesting the flares were originating behind the black hole.
"Any light that goes into that black hole doesn't come out, so we shouldn't be able to see anything that's behind the black hole," Wilkins, lead study author, said in a press release.
"The reason we can see that is because that black hole is warping space, bending light and twisting magnetic fields around itself," said Wilkins, a research scientist at Stanford's Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology and the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
That ability to see light from behind a black hole was predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity but, until now, astronomers had not directly observed the phenomenon.
"Fifty years ago, when astrophysicists starting speculating about how the magnetic field might behave close to a black hole, they had no idea that one day we might have the techniques to observe this directly and see Einstein's general theory of relativity in action," study co-author Roger Blandford, a professor of humanities and science at Stanford.
Wilkins first spotted the unusual X-ray emissions while studying the black hole's corona.
When gas and dust is pulled into the accretion disk surrounding a black hole, the material is condensed and forms what's called a corona, which yields extremely bright X-ray light.
Scientists estimate the corona is composed of plasma, which is formed when electrons separate from superheated, pressurized gas atoms. As the theory goes, the spinning plasma fuels a chaotic magnetic field similar to our sun's corona.
"This magnetic field getting tied up and then snapping close to the black hole heats everything around it and produces these high energy electrons that then go on to produce the X-rays," said Wilkins.
The second set of smaller flares spotted by Wilkins were unique from the brighter flares beaming directly from the black hole's corona. Their spectral characteristics suggested they originated from the back of the black hole's accretion disk.
"I've been building theoretical predictions of how these echoes appear to us for a few years," said Wilkins. "I'd already seen them in the theory I've been developing, so once I saw them in the telescope observations, I could figure out the connection."
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On the hunt for 'hierarchical' black holes
Birmingham UK (SPX) Jul 28, 2021
Black holes, detected by their gravitational wave signal as they collide with other black holes, could be the product of much earlier parent collisions. Such an event has only been hinted at so far, but scientists at the University of Birmingham in the UK, and Northwestern University in the US, believe we are getting close to tracking down the first of these so-called 'hierarchical' black holes. In a review paper, published in Nature Astronomy, Dr Davide Gerosa, of the University of Birmingh ... read more